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The reusable alkaline manganese (RAM) Zn/MnO2 system was commercialized in the mid 1990's, and cells are available in AA, C and D sizes. With the present technology, one reusable cell can be cycled long enough to be equivalent to about 40 non-reusable alkaline cells. A major advantage is its significantly lower cost for the average consumer, compared with Ni-Cd, but serious problems with Zn corrosion, cycle life and lower energy density still exist.
